Development of AI

INTRODUCTION

Artificial intelligence is technology and a branch of computer science that studies and develops intelligent machines and software. Luger and Stubblefield define Artificial Intelligence as the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior. The field of artificial intelligence attempts to understand intelligent entities. One reason to study it is to learn more about our own intelligence [1]. It is a broad topic, comprising of diverse fields of study, from neuroscience to expert systems. The common element that all the fields of AI have in between them is the creation of machines that can "think" like human. The theory and insights brought about by AI research are the likely trends in the future of computing [2].

    DEVELOPMENT

The field of AI research was founded at a conference on the campus of Dartmouth College in the summer of 1956. By the end of the two-month conference, artificial intelligence had found its niche. However, the main concept of Artificial Intelligence was initiated when Alan Turing proposed “Turing Test” in 1950. Artificial intelligence research has progressed very much since the Dartmouth conference, but the ultimate AI system has yet to be invented [3]. The main advances over the past sixty years have been advances in search algorithms, machine learning algorithms, and integrating statistical analysis into understanding the world at large [4].

Brief introduction to Cognitive Science

1.    INTRODUCTION

Cognitive science is the scientific study of the human mind [1]. It is the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence, embracing philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics and anthropology [2]. Cognitive Science deals with the different capabilities of human mind from fundamental functions such as learning to complex capabilities such as high level logic and decision making.

The fundamental concept of cognitive science is "that thinking can best be understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures" [3]. This field is often perceived as similar to the physical sciences, and uses the scientific methods including simulation and modeling for better understanding, comparing the output of such models with features of human behavior in many cases. It is a collaborative endeavor of psychology, computer science, neuroscience, linguistics, and others related fields [4].

2.    HISTORY/DEVELOPMENT

Cognitive science (CS) is a young discipline that emerged from a research program started in 1975 [4]. However, the roots of modern Cognitive Science trace back to 1840s when Charles Babbage thought of making an “Analytical Engine” which was the first attempt at implementing AI. The modern culture of cognitive science was realized during the early cyberneticists in the 1930s and 1940s, such as Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts, who sought to understand the organizing principles of the mind.